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Spider attachment discs are intriguing and unique glue applications, because the spider can specifically and directly adjust the strength of the anchorage by the way it applies its glue. The result is a thin plaque, the attachment disc, consisting of a network of agglutinated piriform gland fibres, with the dragline embedded. In order to attach the dragline to a substrate the spinnerets are rapidly rubbed against each other and on the substrate, but a basic understanding of this process is pending. Both the dragline-producing major ampullate gland and the piriform gland ducts lead to nozzle-like openings, the spigots, located on the paired anterior lateral spinnerets. For substrate attachment spiders use numerous short glue-coated nanofibres drawn from the piriform glands.
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A crucial part of both abseiling and web building is the attachment of the main silk thread (the dragline) to substrates, which is performed with remarkable speed and without any pre-preparation or penetration of the substrate. For example, orb-web spiders are both climbers and architects using silk cables with fascinating elegance and efficiency.
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To find better attachment solutions for technological applications, animal models may reveal novel mechanisms of how to attach material to substrates. Thread- and cable-like objects are ubiquitous in our daily environment, and usually fastened to structures and buildings by cumbersome mechanical attachment devices like hooks, clamps, knots and screws. This work is a starting point to study the evolution of tough and universal thread anchorages among spiders, and to develop bioinspired ‘instant’ anchorages of thread- and cable-like structures to a broad bandwidth of substrates. These results show that the way the glue is applied, crucially enhances the toughness of the anchorage without the need of additional material intake.
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We further show that silken attachment discs are highly directional and adjusted to provide maximal performance in the upstream dragline.
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This is explained by a circular propagation of the delamination crack with a low peeling angle. Using a morphometric approach and a tape-and-thread model we show that neither area, nor width of the plaque, but the shift of the loading point towards the plaque centre has the highest effect on pull-off resistance. This is gained by a two-step back-and-forth spinning pattern during the rapid production of the adhesive plaque, which shifts the thread insertion point towards the plaque centre and forms a flexible tree root-like network of branching fibres around the loading point. Here we show that the detachment forces of thread anchorages of orb-web spiders are highly robust against pulling in different directions. Silk anchorages, however, must cope with loading in highly variable directions. Both biological and artificial adhesive structures usually have an optimal loading angle, and are prone to varying loading situations. Spiders use adhesive plaques to attach silk threads to substrates. The anchorage of structures is a crucial element of construction, both for humans and animals.